Lesson 29. Too - Enough

Too - Enough

Too goes before adjectives or adverbs. It shows that something is more than enough/necessary or wanted. It has a negative implication.

Too + adjective/adverb is followed by to - infininive.  

He is too young to talk on the phone. (= He is so young that he can't talk on the phone.)
 

Enough goes before nouns but after adjectives or adverbs. It shows that there is as much of something as is wanted. That is, the right amount. It has a positive implication and is followed by to - infinitive.

 

 
He is strong enough to climb up a tree. (=He can climb up a tree.)
 

 

Lesson 28. Infinitive / The "-ing form"

Infinitive / The "-ing form"

The infinitive is the root form of the verb, There are two kinds of infinitive: 

1. the to-infinitive which is the root form of the verb with to: 

He wants to be a football player.

2. the bare infinitive which is the root of the verb without to:

She can ride a horse.

We use to- infinitive:

• after verbs such as: want, agree, ask, help, hope, tell, decide, manage, offer, invite, promise, try:

 

He likes planes. He wants to be a pilot.

• after some verbs such as know, decide, when there is a question word (who, what,where, how,etc.) after them: 

I don't know what to do.

• after the words too and enough:

 

He is too young to drive a car.

• to express purpose, that is, the reason why somebody does something:

 

She is going to the bank to get some money.

 We use bare infinitive:

•  after modal verbs (can, could, must, needn't shall, will, may, etc.):

 
He can't read.

• after the verbs let and make:

My parents always let me watch the late film on Saturdays.

Lesson 27. Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs are  verbs that go before other verbs. They include can, could, may, must, will, shall. They don't take an -s, -ing, -ed suffix. They cannot be used in all the tenses, for exampple the modal verb must only appears in the present simple. Modal verbs are always followed by the root form of another verb.

Can / Could

 

Eric is ten years old. He can read and write.  (Now)

 

When Eric was ten months old, he couldn't read or write, but he could play with his toys. (Then)

The modal verb can in the present simple shows  that  the ability to do something. 

The verb can is the same in all persons in the singular and in theplural and is always followed by a verb.
 We use can:

• to show ability:   I can sing.              

       

•   to ask somebody to do something for us:  Can you help me with my homework, please?

       

 

• to ask for something:        Can I have a pice of cake, please? 

• to ask for permission to do something:           Can I play on the computer, please?

                                                          

In the past simple it becomes could and shows that someone had the ability to do something in the past.

We form questions by putting can or could before the subject:

 Can she dance well? / Could she dance well?

 Video lesson : 

 

 May

We  use may and can to ask permission to do something. May is more formal than can and we use it when we don't know the other person very well.

  

(formal situation) 

May I show you something, sir? 

 

(informal situation)

Can I come fishing with you, Dad?

Must/Mustn't/Needn't

 

                        Mother: You must be careful, Mary.You mustn't play with matches.

                        Mary: Must we go to the doctor, mum?

                        Mother: No, we needn't go to the doctor. You will be all right.

In the present simple the modal verb must shows that it is necessary for someone to do something. It expresses necessity. It is followed by the root form of the verb. 

We form questions by putting must before the subject. We form negations by putting the word not after must. Must't shows that it is wrong to do something. It expresses prohibition.


Students: Must we write a composition?  
Teacher: No, you needn't write a composition. 

The modal verb  needn't shows that it isn't necessary to do something. It expresses a lack of necessity. It is followed by the root form of the verb.

 We use must:

• to expres obligation:       I must do my homework.

• for rules:      You must buy a ticket.

 

•  to give advice:    You must go to the dentist.

 

 We use mustn't

Mustn't means "it is forbidden" or "it  isn't right".

You mustn't park here. (= It is forbidden to park here, it is against the rules.)



We use needn't:

Needn't means "it isn/t necessary to do something"

 You needn't feed the dog. I will do it. (= It isn't necessary for you to do it.) 

 

 Video lesson :   

Shall / Will
We use the modal verb shall to express an offer.
 
 
Shell I help you water the flowers. 

We use the modal verb will to ask someone to do something for us (request)

 
Mum, will you buy me this T-shirt?

 

 

lesson 26. Comparisons

Comparisons

Adjectives have got three forms: positive, comparative and superlative.

 

This house is big. It is also expensive. 

 

 This house is bigger than the first. It is also more expensive.

 

This house is the biggest and the most expensive of all.

• We use the comparative  form + than  to compare two people or things.

 

Ann is taller than Richard. 

 

Russia is larger than Australia. 

• We use the + superlative form + of / in to compare three or more people or things.

Chris is the tallest of all. 

We use in when we talk about places.

 

Russia is the largest country in the world.

Formation of the comparative and superlative of adjectives
Adjectives of one or two syllables form the comparative by adding -er and the superlative by adding -est 
fast     -     faster     -     fastest
Adjectives of more than two syllables form the comparative with more  and the superlative with most.
beautiful     -     more beautiful      -     the most beautiful

Some adjectives such  clever, stupid, narrow, gentle, friendly, form the comparative and superlative either with -er / -est or with more / most

clever     -     cleverer     -     cleverest
clever     -     more clever      -     most clever

Spelling rules:

•  one syllable adjectives ending in -e take -r in the comparative and -st in the superlative form

large     -     larger     -     largest

• two syllable adjectives ending in -y turn the -y into -i and then take -er / -est

happy      -     happier     -     happiest  

• adjectives ending in a stressed vowel between two consonants double the final consonant and then take -er / -est 

big     -     bigger     -     biggest 

Video lesson :Comparisons

 

Lesson 25. Questions

 

Questions

Ann :    Is this your dog?

Nick :  Yes,it is.

Ann :   Did you get him from a pet shop?   

Nick:   Yes,we did.   

Sue:  What have you got in this bag?

                  Betty:  A new dress.

                              Sue:  How much did it cost?

     Betty:   $ 55.

Questions with Yes/No answers

 

These kinds of questions begin with an auxiliary verb ( is,are, have,has,will, can, do,does, did...)

and then the subject. We usually answer these questions with Yes / No answers.

Are you listening to music? -Yes, I am.

Have you got a pet? - No, I haven't.

Can you swim? - Yes, I can.

When the main verb is in the present simple we form the questions with the auxiliary verb do/does .

Do you play tennis every day?-Yes, I do.

Does he work hard? -No, he doesn't.

When the main verb is in the past simple we form the questions with the auxiliary verb did.

Did they send you a letter? -No, they didn't.

Did she come home early last night? -Yes, she did.
 

Wh- questions

Wh- questions begin with a question word. We put the auxiliary verb before the subject.

people     things       place           time               quantity/number       manner      reason            age

Who         What       Where       When                 How much                  How         Why       How old

Whose    Which                        How often          How many 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

Who is that man? - He is his father. 

 

Whose is that coat? -It's Jane's.

What is it? -It's a pen.

 

Which book is yours? -The blue one. 

How many sisters have you got? -Two.

 

How much does it cost? - Ninety pence.

 

How long have you known her? -For three years.

 

How long ago did she leave school? - One year ago.

 

How old are you? -I am sixteen.

 

Why are you sad? -Because I've lost my purse.

 

When did you arrive? -Yesterday.

 

Where are my glasses? -They are in your bag.

 

How are you? -Fine thanks.

Question Tags

They're very small, aren't they? 

 

Rabbits don't eat meat, do they? 

 

A zebra has got stripes, hasn't it?

Questions tags are short questions at the end of a statement. We mainly use them in speech when we want to confirm something or when we want to find out if something is true or not.

• We form a question tag with the auxiliary verb and the appropriate personal pronoun. When the statement is positive, the question tag is negative.

Helen can speak French, can't she?

This is a castle, isn't it?

• When the verb of the sentence is in the present simple, we form the question tag with the auxiliary verb do, does and the personal pronoun. When the verb is in the past simple, we form the question tag with the auxiliary verb did and the personal pronoun.

Tom likes hockey, doesn't he?


Susan went to Rome last year, didn't she? 

• When the statement is negative, the question tag is positive.

 
They haven't finished yet, have they?

• When the sentence contains a word with a negative meaning like never, hardly, seldom or rarely, the question tag is positive.

 
He is never late, is he? 

Study the following examples:

I am     -     aren't?      I am clever, aren't I?

Imperative     -     will / won't you?      Open the door, will / won't you?

Let's     - shall we?        Let's go to the park, shall we?

I have (got)     - haven't I?         He's got a pet, hasn't he?

I have     -   don't I?              You have a shower every day, don't you?

There is / are     -  isn't / aren't there?          There is a boy in the room, isn't there?

This /That is     -    isn't it?      That's Mary's T-shirt, isn't it?